In a Mediterranean environment, the descriptors of Sustainable agriculture are numerous and interconnected. This is to be integrated with the good governance (FAO 2014), which is the fourth dimension of sustainability. The usual representation of this multi-dimensional structure is by the Venn diagram in which sustainability is represented as the set intersection of three sets, namely economic resilience, environmental integrity and social well-being. The sustainability shows multi-dimensional structure embracing survival, resilience and efficiency, and it relies on three pillars described as the economic, environmental and social factors. More than two decades have passed since the principle of sustainable development received nearly universal agreement at the 1992 Earth Summit after its definition by FAO (FAO 1989). This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Finally, we point out that the high quantity of sialyloligosaccharides found in local Garganica breed compared to foreign breed appears as an interesting promising feature in the study of adding value to local breeds. These peculiarities add value to the Girgentana breed and therefore give a support in favour of this breed, amplifying its sustainable use. As it appears from our discussion, Girgentana breed produces milk and Caciotta and Ricotta cheeses with distinguishable fatty acid profile, nutritional index and sensory properties compared to other breeds. The second and third studies regard local goat breeds and local cheeses, Caciotta and Ricotta cheeses. The first one is on native sheep breeds from Apulian region and the PDO Canestrato Pugliese cheese, and it indicates that Altamurana and Apulian Merino breeds produce milk and cheese having nutritional characteristics and sensory properties distinguishable from non-native breeds. In this direction, three case studies are reported in which the added value of local breeds arising from a typical and/or traditional product is investigated. After a short overview, strategies for adding value to the local breeds are described together with a synthesis of measures in support of animal biodiversity in marginal areas of Mediterranean environment. This chapter is a survey of recent studies on native sheep and goat breeds with special emphasis on their role as a tool of sustainability.

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